In today’s world, synthetic chemicals are part of our daily lives, the Washington Post reports.
They can be found in the food we eat, the water we drink, the products we use, and even the air we breathe. Among the most commonly discussed chemicals are microplastics, phthalates, BPA (bisphenol-A), and PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), each of which raises health concerns. These substances may be present in everyday items, and many people are unsure about what they are and the risks they pose. Here’s a breakdown to help clarify their differences, uses, and potential hazards.
Microplastics
What They Are: Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic that range from 5 millimeters down to microscopic sizes, known as nanoplastics. These particles are not a specific type of plastic but can be made from a wide range of plastic materials.
Where They Are Found: Microplastics are present in many products, from artificial turf to cosmetics and cleaning agents. While some uses have been restricted, such as in facial scrubs and toothpaste, they can still be found in numerous everyday items. Importantly, they can also break off from larger plastic products, such as synthetic clothing, rubber tires, and plastic containers. These tiny plastic particles have been detected in environments around the world, from the Arctic to remote beaches.
Why They’re Concerning: Microplastics can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, with growing evidence suggesting that they may be harmful. Studies link microplastics in the body to cardiovascular disease, bowel disorders, and potential impacts on the brain and fetus. The danger is compounded because microplastics can carry other toxic chemicals, such as pesticides and persistent pollutants, into the body.
Phthalates
What They Are: Phthalates are a group of chemicals primarily used as plasticizers, which make plastics more flexible and durable.
Where They Are Found: These chemicals are used in a wide range of products, including flooring, medical devices, cosmetics, and even food packaging. Phthalates are also present in personal care products such as shampoos, soaps, and nail polishes.
Why They’re Concerning: Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, meaning they can interfere with hormone systems in the body. Exposure to phthalates has been linked to reproductive health issues, such as reduced sperm count and preterm births, as well as potential metabolic issues like insulin resistance. Despite efforts to reduce their use in certain products like children’s toys, phthalates can still be found in food packaging and other consumer goods, raising concerns about widespread exposure.
BPA and Other Bisphenols
What They Are: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a well-known member of a family of chemicals used to create hard plastics and resins. BPA and related chemicals are found in items like water bottles, food containers, and even medical equipment.
Where They Are Found: Bisphenols are used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, which are commonly found in products such as electronics, eyeglasses, and food can linings. Though many items are now marketed as “BPA-free,” they often contain other bisphenol compounds that could have similar health effects.
Why They’re Concerning: Like phthalates, bisphenols are endocrine disruptors. BPA, in particular, mimics estrogen in the body, which can lead to changes in reproduction, metabolism, and even behavior. Research has shown that BPA exposure can affect puberty timing in children and is linked to fertility issues, increased body fat, and disruptions in the immune system.
PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances)
What They Are: PFAS are a large family of chemicals known for their ability to resist water, grease, and stains. Often referred to as “forever chemicals,” PFAS are persistent in the environment and the human body, meaning they do not break down easily.
Where They Are Found: PFAS are used in a wide array of products, from nonstick cookware and waterproof clothing to food packaging and firefighting foam. These chemicals are particularly concerning because they can persist in the environment for decades, contaminating water supplies, food, and air.
Why They’re Concerning: Exposure to PFAS has been linked to several serious health conditions, including liver damage, kidney disease, immune system disruption, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Due to their widespread use and persistence in the environment, avoiding PFAS exposure can be challenging. Despite bans on some of the most harmful PFAS, these chemicals are still found in food packaging and water, raising concerns about long-term health effects.
